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Social scientists

Economists and business theorists

Political scientists, theorists, and writers

Anthropologists and archaeologists

Art historians, theorists and critics

Musicologists and music theorists

Forensic sciences

Geographers and cartographers

Library science and curators

Public relations, marketing and advertising theorists

Other social sciences

A. Bartlett Giamatti

American baseball commissioner and academic adminisrator

Australian anthropologist

Scottish educator and theorist (1883-1973)

American psychiatrist

Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri

Egyptian legal scholar (1895-1971)

Abhijit Banerjee

American economist

Abraham Flexner

American educator

American psychologist

Abraham Ortelius

16th-century cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer

Adam František Kollár

Slovak jurist, historian, ethnologist, and policy advisor

British anthropologist

Scottish economist and philosopher (1723–1790)

British University Psychology Professor

Akhtar Hameed Khan

Pakistani development activist and social scientist

Alan Dershowitz

American lawyer, author

13th Chair of the US Federal Reserve

American linguist

Alberico Gentili

Canadian-American psychologist

American psychologist (1913–2007)

Albert S. Osborn

American forensic scientist

Albert Sechehaye

Swiss linguist (1870-1946)

Albion Woodbury Small

American sociologist

American linguist

Aleksandr Dugin

Russian political activist and philosopher (born 1962)

Aleksei Leontiev

Russian psychologist

Alexander Cunningham

British Army engineer

Alexander Zaporozhets

Russian psychologist

Alexandre Lacassagne

French criminologist (1843-1924)

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political philosopher, politician and historian

Mexican archaeologist (1896-1970)

Austrian psychotherapist (1870–1937)

French psychologist

American scientist (1894–1956)

American anthropologist

Alfred Marshall

British economist

Alfred Radcliffe-Brown

British anthropologist (1881 - 1955)

Alfredo Trombetti

Italian linguist

Alice Freeman Palmer

American educator

Alois Alzheimer

German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (1864–1915)

American academic (born 1951)

American economist

Amariah Brigham

American psychiatrist

Indian economist and philosopher

Amos Bronson Alcott

American educator (1799–1888)

Anacharsis Cloots

Prussian nobleman (1755–1794)

Anatol Rapoport

Russian-born American mathematical psychologist

Anatoly Khazanov

American anthropologist and historian

Anders Chydenius

Swedish politician (1729–1803)

French film critic and theorist

American film critic

Andrey Korotayev

Russian anthropologist, economic historian, comparative political scientist, and sociologist

Andrzej Bogusławski

Polish Linguistics theorist

Angelika Kratzer

American linguist

British microeconomist

British novelist and art historian

Anita Sarkeesian

Canadian-American feminist media critic (born 1983)

American anthropologist, mother of Barack Obama

Austrian–British psychoanalyst (1895–1982)

Anna Wierzbicka

Polish linguist

British art historian and Soviet spy (1907–1983)

Anthony Giddens

British sociologist (born 1938)

Anthony Panizzi

Italian librarian (1797-1879) and Principal Librarian of the British Museum

Anton Makarenko

Ukrainian and Soviet educator and writer

United States Supreme Court justice

Antonio Gramsci

Italian Marxist philosopher and politician

Italian political philosopher (1933–2023)

Arjun Appadurai

Indian-American anthropologist (born 1949)

American art historian

German historian and filmmaker

Arthur Cecil Pigou

English economist (1877–1959)

American art critic and philosopher

English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilisation

Arthur F. Burns

American economist, diplomat, and 10th Chairman of the Federal Reserve in the United States

British anatomist and anthropologist (1866–1955)

British-American anthropologist

Athanasius Kircher

German Jesuit scholar

English author and biogerontologist

Audrey Richards

British anthropologist (1899–1984)

August Schleicher

German philologist

American psychologist and social philosopher (1904–1990)

Barbara H. Partee

American linguist (born 1940)

Bedřich Hrozný

Czech archeologist, linguist and orientalist (1879-1952)

American politician from New York

14th Chair of Federal Reserve

American lawyer and pacifist

Benedict Anderson

Irish-American political scientist (1936–2015)

Bengt Holmström

Finnish economist and Nobel laureate (born 1949)

American psychologist

Benjamin Lee Whorf

American linguist

Bernard Berenson

American art critic

Bernard Smith (art historian)

Australian art historian, critic and academic (1916–2011)

Swedish economist and politician

Birutė Galdikas

Lithuanian-Canadian primatologist, conservationist

Language teacher, translator

Bronisław Malinowski

Anthropologist and ethnographer

Bruno Bettelheim

Austrian-American child psychologist and writer (1903–1990)

French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist

United States Supreme Court justice; American football player

C. Wright Mills

American sociologist

Calvin Hooker Goddard

American forensic scientist

Camilla Wedgwood

British anthropologist

American feminist academic and critic

American archaeologist

German musicologist

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)

Founder of the Austrian School of economics

German geographer (1779-1859)

American psychologist

German jurist and political theorist (1888–1985)

American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist

Catharine A. MacKinnon

American feminist and legal activist

Cesare Beccaria

Jurist, philosopher and politician from Italy (1738-1794)

Cesare Lombroso

Italian criminologist

Ancient Indian philosopher

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve

French literary critic (1804-1869)

Swiss linguist (1865-1947)

18th/19th-century English music historian

Charles Horton Cooley

American sociologist

Charles Marie de La Condamine

French explorer, geographer, and mathematician (1701-1774)

Charles Maurras

French author and poet

Charles Murray (political scientist)

American political scientist, writer, and public speaker

Charles Saatchi

British businessman

Charles Spearman

English psychologist

American sociologist (1929–2008)

Cheikh Anta Diop

Senegalese politician, historian and scientist (1923–1986)

Christian Lous Lange

Norwegian diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (1869-1938)

Christopher A. Pissarides

British-Cypriot economist

Christopher A. Sims

American econometrician and macroeconomist

Claire Kelly Schultz

American documentalist

Clarence Darrow

American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union

Clarence Thomas

US Supreme Court justice since 1991

American academic

American psychologist (1884–1952)

American anthropologist

Claude Lévi-Strauss

French anthropologist and ethnologist

Clement Greenberg

American essayist and visual art critic (1909-1994)

Clements Markham

British geographer (1830–1916)

Clifford Geertz

American anthropologist

British economist

British archaeologist

Cosmas Indicopleustes

6th-century Greek traveller and merchant

American linguist (1793–1868)

Dale T. Mortensen

American economist (1939-2014)

Dambisa Moyo, Baroness Moyo

Zambian-born economist

American sociologist, writer, editor, and professor emeritus at Harvard University

Daniel Kahneman

Israeli-American psychologist

Daniel Kane (linguist)

Australian linguist

Daniel McFadden

American economist

American psychologist

David Dudley Field II

American politician (1805-1894)

American anthropologist and activist

David J. Peterson

American conlanger, writer, and artist (born 1981)

David McClelland

American psychologist (1917–1998)

David Nash (linguist)

Australian linguist

David Ogilvy (businessman)

British advertising executive

British political economist, broker and politician

Romanian-American psychologist

Canadian paleoanthropologist

American anthropologist and linguist

Derek Bickerton

American linguist

American lawyer, professor, and civil rights activist

American zoologist

Dmitri Bondarenko

Russian historian, anthropologist and Africanist

American oceanographer

American Japanese academic (1922–2019)

Canadian neuroscientist

Donald Winnicott

English paediatrician and psychoanalyst

Drew Gilpin Faust

American historian and college administrator

E. E. Evans-Pritchard

British anthropologist

E. F. Schumacher

German-British statistician and economist

E. Franklin Frazier

American sociologist and writer (1894–1962)

14th Chief Justice of the United States

American anthropologist

American teacher and writer (1867–1963)

Edmond de Coussemaker

French musicologist and ethnologist

Edmond de Goncourt

French writer, literary critic, art critic, book publisher and the founder of the Académie Goncourt

French forensic scientist

18th-century statesman and political theorist

American economist

American writer

Édouard Glissant

Martiniquais writer

Eduard Fraenkel

German-British classicist

Eduard Hanslick

Austrian musician and musicologist

Edvard Westermarck

Finnish sociologist (1862–1939)

Edward B. Titchener

English-American psychologist (1867–1927)

Austrian-American public relations pioneer

Edward Burnett Tylor

English anthropologist

Edward C. Prescott

American economist

Edward Charles Spitzka

United States physician and anatomist

English lawyer and judge

English historian and Member of Parliament

American economist and academic

Edward Livingston

18th/19th-century American jurist and statesman

American linguist and anthropologist

Edward Thorndike

American psychologist

Edwin O. Reischauer

American diplomat, educator, and professor (1910–1990)

Edwin R. A. Seligman

American economist (1861–1939)

Egerton Ryerson

Canadian educator and Methodist minister (1803–1882)

Austrian, later British composer, teacher and musicologist (1885-1974)

Eleazar Wheelock

American Congregational minister, educator, and founder of Dartmouth College

Swedish historian and economist

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Hebrew lexicographer

Welsh merchant and philanthropist

American political economist (1933–2012)

Elisabeth Selkirk

American linguist

Elizabeth Loftus

American cognitive psychologist

Ellen Swallow Richards

United States historic place

American psychologist

Elsie Clews Parsons

American anthropologist

German psychiatrist (1856–1926)

German polyglot and sinologist

French psychologist and pharmacist

Émile Durkheim

French sociologist (1858–1916)

Émile Jaques-Dalcroze

Swiss composer, musician, and educator (1865–1950)

Emily Greene Balch

American economist, academic, and Nobel Laureate

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

French Roman Catholic abbé and political writer (1748–1836)

American Nobel laureate in economics

American anthropologist (1923-1999)

German sociologist and psychoanalyst

American German-born psychoanalyst & essayist

Czech anthropologist, philosopher and sociologist

Ernst Heinrich Weber

German psychologist

American sociologist, writer, and academic

German art historian

French-American economist

Swiss psychiatrist

Dutch paleoanthropologist (1858-1940)

American economist and Nobel laureate in Economics

American linguist

Psychologist famous for demonstrating homosexuality is not a mental disorder (1907-1996)

American businessman, founder of Western Union and Cornell University

United States economist

Felix Adler (professor)

German-American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, and lecturer (1851-1933)

Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand Tönnies

German sociologist, economist and philosopher

Finn E. Kydland

Norwegian economist

American economist

Flinders Petrie

English egyptologist

Florian Znaniecki

Polish philosopher and sociologist

Frances Cress Welsing

American psychiatrist (1935–2016)

Frances Fox Piven

American sociologist

Frances Mary Richardson Currer

British book collector

Francis Fukuyama

American political scientist, political economist, and author

Francis James Gillen

Australian anthropologist

German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher

Francis Parker Yockey

American attorney, political philosopher

Franco of Cologne

German composer, musicologist, writer and music theorist

François Quesnay

French physician, Physiocratic economist, and orientalist

François-Joseph Fétis

Belgian composer (1784-1871)

American forensic artist

French art historian (1918–2020)

German-born American anthropologist

German philologist (1791–1876)

American linguist

Frederic Bartlett

British psychologist and academic

Frédéric Bastiat

French classical liberal theorist, political economist, and member of the French assembly

Frederic George Stephens

British art critic, in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1827-1907)

Fredric Jameson

American academic

Friedrich August Wolf

German philologist

Friedrich Chrysander

German music historian

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher (1820–1895)

Friedrich Fröbel

German educator

Friedrich Gundolf

Friedrich Hayek

Austrian–British economist and Nobel Laureate (1899–1992)

German economist with dual American citizenship

German-born psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and psychotherapist (1893-1970)

G. Stanley Hall

American psychologist and educator (1846–1924)

Gabdulkhay Akhatov

Soviet Tatar linguist (1927-1986)

Roman jurist (2nd century AD)

Garfield Barwick

7th Chief Justice of Australia and politician (1903-1997)

American economist

Gaston Deschamps

French politician and journalist

Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey

British judge (1880-1971)

German sociologist and philosopher

American economist (born 1940)

George Armitage Miller

American psychologist

George C. Homans

American sociologist (1910-1989)

British surveyor and geodesist

George Fitzhugh

Pro-slavery American ideologist (1806–1881)

George Friedman

American businessman and political scientist

English writer on music and director of the Royal College of Music (1820-1900)

George Herbert Mead

American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist

George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

British aristocrat

American linguist (born 1941)

George M. McCune

American linguist (1908-1948)

George R. Fischer

American underwater archaeologist

George Saintsbury

British critic and literary historian (1845–1933)

George Smith (Assyriologist)

English Assyriologist

American economist (1911–1991)

Georges Dumézil

French philologist and historian

French economist and mathematician (1921–2004)

Gerardus Mercator

16th-century geographer, cosmographer and cartographer

Australian writer and public intellectual (born 1939)

Ghil'ad Zuckermann

Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist

Giannalberto Bendazzi

Italian historian

Italian painter, architect, writer and historian (1511-1574)

Gioseffo Zarlino

Italian composer

Giovanni Belzoni

Italian antiquarian (1778-1823)

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni Gentile

Italian philosopher, educator, and fascist politician

Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti

Italian cardinal and hyperpolyglot

American attorney

Gloria Anzaldúa

Chicana cultural theory, feminist theory, and queer theory

American psychologist (1897 - 1967)

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Writer, philosopher, publicist, and art critic

British archaeologist

Gregory Bateson

Psychological anthropologist

Austrian musicologist, writer

Guido of Arezzo

11th century Italian monk, inventor of musical notaticulo

Guillaume Delisle

17th and 18th-century French cartographer

Swedish economist

German experimental psychologist, physicist, and philosopher

Gustave Boissonade

French legal scholar

French Marxist theorist

Halford Mackinder

English geographer, academic and politician, who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy

British psychologist

German politician and war criminal (1900–1946)

Austrian jurist (1847-1915)

Austrian lawyer

Hans Morgenthau

American political scientist (1904–1980)

American literary critic, scholar, and writer (1930–2019)

Harold Garfinkel

American sociologist (1917 – 2011)

Harriet Martineau

English writer and sociologist

American sociologist

American writer and politician

American psychologist

Harry Markowitz

American economist (born 1927)

Harry Stack Sullivan

American psychiatrist & psychoanalyst (1892-1949)

British physician, writer, and social reformer

Heinrich Harrer

Austrian mountaineer and author (1912–2006)

Heinrich Schenker

Austrian music theorist (1868-1935)

Heinrich Schliemann

German businessman and archaeologist (1822–1890)

Austrian-American psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

Korean educator

American literary critic

Henri de Saint-Simon

French early socialist theorist (1760-1825)

Scottish physician, missionary and scientist

Henry Geldzahler

Belgian-American art curator (1935–1994)

American political economist and journalist

Henry Louis Gates Jr.

American intellectual

Henry Thomas Colebrooke

English orientalist and mathematician (1765-1837)

Herbert A. Simon

American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist

British sinologist and diplomat (1845-1935)

Canadian neurologist, psychologist, physiologist, anatomist, and chemist

Herbert Marcuse

German philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)

Hermann Ebbinghaus

German psychologist

Hermann Heinrich Gossen

Prussian economist

Hippolyte Taine

French critic and historian

Hiram Bingham III

American academic, explorer, treasure hunter and politician

Hjalmar Schacht

German politician and economist (1877–1970)

American educational reformer and politician

American developmental psychologist (born 1943)

United States Supreme Court justice

Dutch philosopher and jurist

Hugo Kołłątaj

Polish historian and philosopher (1750–1812)

Hugo Münsterberg

German-American psychologist

German musicologist (1849-1919)

British archaeologist

American academic

Immanuel Wallerstein

American sociologist and economic historian (1930–2019)

First Lady of Puerto Rico

Welsh antiquarian and poet (1747–1826)

American linguist

American economist and statistician (1867–1947)

16th-17th century European classical scholar and philologist

Isabel Briggs Myers

American writer

Japanese educator and bureaucrat

Ancient Athenian rhetorician

Russian physiologist

American publicist (1877–1934)

J. Philippe Rushton

Canadian psychology professor

Dutch ethnomusicologist

Jack Halberstam

American academic, LGBT+ activist

Jacob Burckhardt

Swiss historian (1818–1897)

Jacqueline Noel

American librarian

French psychoanalyst and writer (1901–1981)

Jacques Piccard

Swiss oceanographer (1922–2008)

Jaime Escalante

Bolivian educator, teacher and mathematician

James B. Conant

American chemist (1893–1978)

James Braid (surgeon)

Scottish surgeon

Scottish/Australian/New Zealand wine farmer and politician

James Curtis Hepburn

American Christian missionary to Japan

American sociologist

James George Frazer

Scottish social anthropologist

James H. Billington

American librarian and 13th Librarian of Congress

American economist (born 1944)

James Henry Breasted

American archaeologist, egyptologist and historian

English scientist (1919–2022)

James M. Buchanan

American economist

James McKeen Cattell

American psychologist

British economist who won Nobel in Economics in 1977

British Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences

James Samuel Coleman

American sociologist (1926–1995)

Kenyan libertarian activist

American economist (1918–2002)

Dutch economist

American schoolteacher

American–Canadian journalist, author, and activist

78th United States secretary of the treasury

American scientist and author

Jean Baudrillard

French sociologist and philosopher

Swiss psychologist, biologist, logician, philosopher and academic (1896-1980)

French writer (1932-2016)

French professor of economics

Jean-Baptiste Say

French economist and businessman

Jean-François Champollion

French classical scholar, decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs

American economist (born 1954)

American lawyer

Slovene philologist

American psychologist and scholar

American animation historian

American art historian (born 1951)

Polish linguist (born 1948)

English economist

Jodocus Hondius

Flemish and Dutch engraver and cartographer (1563–1612)

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Swiss pedagogue

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

German art historian and archaeologist

Johann Karl Ehrenfried Kegel

Johann Martin Schleyer

German Catholic priest

Johann Nikolaus Forkel

German musicologist (1749–1818)

Johanna Nichols

American linguist

Johannes Tinctoris

Renaissance music theorist and composer (1435–1511)

John Addington Symonds

19th-century English poet and literary critic

English writer and antiquarian

American psychologist (1878 – 1958)

British art historian and archaeologist (1885–1970)

British painter, writer and art critic

British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst

4th Governor of Hong Kong; hymnwriter; translator (1792-1872)

American art historian

American animator

Hungarian economist (1920-2000)

English clergyman and philanthropist (1607–1638)

British economist

John Kenneth Galbraith

American economist and diplomat (1908-2006)

English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)

4th Chief Justice of the United States

John Marshall (archaeologist)

British archaeologist

John Marshall Harlan

United States Supreme Court Associate Justice

John Maynard Keynes

English economist

Psychologist, sexologist and author

John Paul Stevens

United States Supreme Court justice

American poet and linguist (1938–2025)

17th Chief Justice of the United States

19th-century English writer and art critic

American sociologist and professor

Johnnie Cochran

American lawyer

American social psychologist (born 1963)

Jordan Peterson

Canadian clinical psychologist (born 1962)

Josef Szombathy

Austrian archaeologist

Joseph Campbell

American mythologist, writer and lecturer (1904-1987)

Joseph Déjacque

Joseph Greenberg

American linguist

American psychologist

Joseph Justus Scaliger

French historian (1540-1609)

Joseph Schumpeter

Austrian political economist

Joseph Stiglitz

American economist, professor, and recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

US Supreme Court justice 1779–1845

Russian-Estonian semiotician

Political thinker and reformer

American-German psychoanalyst

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

German jurist, writer and gay rights activist (1825–1895)

German philologist and critic (1793-1851)

Hungarian-German philosopher and sociologist (1893-1947)

Philosopher (1818–1883)

American political consultant and policy advisor

Kate Douglas Wiggin

American writer (1856-1923)

American feminist (1934–2017)

Katharine Cook Briggs

American psychologist

Kathleen Kenyon

British archaeologist

Kazimierz Dąbrowski

Polish physician and psychologist

American lawyer

Cambodian philosopher and Khmer linguist

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

African-American married psychologist duo

American economist

English art historian, museum director, and broadcaster (1903–1983)

British classical scholar (1920–2010)

Kenneth L. Hale

American linguist

English filmmaker and film historian

Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)

American psychologist and white supremacist

Kimberlé Crenshaw

American academic and lawyer (born 1959)

Ottoman Armenian composer and religious figure

Konstantin Ushinsky

Russian teacher and writer

German psychologist and professor (1886–1941)

German-American psychologist

German gynaecologist (1882-1949)

Inventor of the international language Esperanto in the 19th century

Lars Peter Hansen

American economist

German psychologist

American economist (1920-2013)

Lawrence Kohlberg

American psychologist (1927 – 1987)

Lawrence Lessig

American academic, political activist

Lawrence Summers

American economist, Secretary of the Treasury, college administrator, and U.S. government official

American actor, drama teacher, acting coach, theorist

American advertising executive

Austrian-American physician and psychiatrist

German-American political philosopher

American social psychologist

Leonard Bloomfield

American linguist

Polish-American economist and mathematician (1917-2008)

Lester Frank Ward

American scientist, academic, and early sociologist

Soviet psychologist

American archaeologist (1931-2011)

Lewis H. Morgan

United States anthropologist, theorist and lawyer

American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology and literary critic (1895-1990)

American educational psychologist and academic

Lila Abu-Lughod

American anthropologist

American art historian

Lionel Trilling

American literary critic and writer

Lloyd Morrisett

American psychologist

Canadian economist (1911-1993)

French educator and inventor of the Braille system

United States Supreme Court justice

Louis Hjelmslev

Danish linguist (1899-1965)

British archaeologist and naturalist

French engraver, painter, and playwright (1812-1885)

American sociologist (1897-1952)

Italian mathematician and cleric

Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher

Ludwig von Mises

Austrian-American economist

German economist and social reformer (1844–1931)

American scholar and linguist (born 1942)

Lysander Spooner

American abolitionist and legal theorist (1808–1887)

Magnus Hirschfeld

German physician and sexologist (1868–1935)

Malcolm Caldwell

British academic

Manuel Castells

Spanish sociologist and politician

Mexican academic

American linguist

French sociologist and anthropologist (1872-1950)

Margaret Floy Washburn

American psychologist and scholar (1871–1939)

American cultural anthropologist (1901–1978)

Margaret Murray

British egyptologist (1863–1963)

Maria Montessori

19th- and 20th-century Italian pedagogue, philosopher and physician

Marianne Mithun

American linguist (born 1946)

Marie-Louise von Franz

Swiss psychologist and scholar (1915-1998)

Marija Gimbutas

Lithuanian-American archaeologist

Marilyn Strathern

British anthropologist

Marsha M. Linehan

American psychologist

Marshall Sahlins

American anthropologist

Martha E. Bernal

American psychologist

German cartographer

Martin Litchfield West

British philologist

Martin Schrettinger

German librarian

Martin Waldseemüller

German cartographer

American anthropologist (1927–2001)

Marvin Wolfgang

American criminologist

American-Canadian psychologist & scholar

English classicist (born 1955)

American art historian

British anthropologist

American art historian

American linguist (1910–1996)

English ethnographer, scientific writer and explorer

British paleoanthropologist

Mary Louisa Armitt

American librarian and author

Mary McLeod Bethune

American educator and civil rights leader (1875–1955)

Mary Whiton Calkins

American psychologist & scholar

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and intellectual (1759–1797)

Slovene academic (1797-1835)

Matthias Ringmann

German cartographer

Maureen Furniss

American writer and academic

French economist

Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi

British businessman and politician (born 1946)

German philosopher and sociologist

German-born philologist, orientalist and indologist

German sociologist, jurist, and political economist (1864–1920)

British Austrian born psychoanalyst

American anthropologist

American librarian

Melville Fuller

Chief Justice of the United States (1888–1910)

American lawyer

American economist

Mesrop Mashtots

Medieval Armenian theologian and linguist

American pathologist

Michael Barrier

American animation historian

Michael Halliday

Australian linguist (1925-2018)

American development economist

Michael Mallory

American writer

American engineer and economist

Michael Silverstein

American linguist

Michael Ventris

British architect who deciphered Linear B

Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist

American linguist

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Hungarian-American psychologist (1934–2021)

Mike Davis (scholar)

American writer, urban theorist, political activist, and historian from Southern California (1946-2022)

American attorney and author

Mikhail Bakhtin

Russian philosopher and literary theorist (1895–1975)

Mikhail Bakunin

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher

Milton Friedman

American economist and statistician (1912–2006)

Milton H. Erickson

American psychiatrist (1901–1980)

French social commentator and political thinker

Latvian-American linguist

American linguist (1909–1967)

Mortimer Wheeler

British archaeologist (1890–1976)

Muhammad al-Idrisi

Muslim geographer (1100–1165)

Chief Adviser of Bangladesh since 2024

Murray Bookchin

American social theorist (1921–2006)

Murray Rothbard

American economist (1926-1995

Turkish psychologist (1906–1988)

Canadian economist

Tibetan Dzogchen master (1938–2018)

Nancy Scheper-Hughes

American anthropologist

Napoleon Chagnon

American anthropologist

American statistician and writer (born 1978)

American psychologist and academic (1909-2002)

Niccolò Machiavelli

Florentine statesman, diplomat, and political theorist (1469–1527)

Nicholas Christakis

American physician and sociologist

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist

Nicholas Murray Butler

American philosopher, diplomat, and educator (1862-1947)

Nicholas Serota

English art historian (born 1946)

Nicolas Slonimsky

Russian composer (1894-1995)

German sociologist

Nikolai Trubetzkoy

Russian linguist and historian

American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, writer, editor, and author

American linguist, philosopher and activist

German British sociologist

Norman Finkelstein

American political scientist

Canadian literary critic and literary theorist

Nouriel Roubini

American economist

Turkish anthropologist

O. G. S. Crawford

British archaeologist (1886 – 1957)

Oliver E. Williamson

American economist

Oliver Hart (economist)

American economist (born 1948)

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

US Supreme Court justice from 1902 to 1932

Olivier Blanchard

French economist and professor

French mathematician and cartographer (*1494 – †1555)

British educationalist and historian

Danish linguist (1860–1943)

Art dealer and publisher (1894-1978)

Austrian psychologist

Australian judge and diplomat

Ancient Sanskrit grammarian

Paolo Borsellino

Roman jurist (142–212)

American psychiatrist

Belgian literary theorist

American psychologist and academic

American medical anthropologist and physician (1959–2022)

American author, public intellectual, and social critic

British philosopher

Finnish-American linguist

American economist (born 1953)

Paul Lazarsfeld

Austrian-American sociologist (1901–1976)

Belgian author, entrepreneur, lawyer and activist

American linguist (1927-1976)

American economist

American economist

Brazilian educator (1921–1997)

Pausanias (geographer)

2nd-century AD Greek geographer

Pendleton Dudley

American journalist (1876–1966)

Penelope Eckert

American sociolinguist

American sociologist (1918–2002)

Peter Kropotkin

Russian revolutionary socialist and anarcho-communist philosopher

Peter Ladefoged

British phonetician

American marketing author, consultant, and professor

Philip Zimbardo

American social psychologist

Pierre Bourdieu

French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher (1930–2002)

Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play

French engineer, sociologist and economist (1806-1882)

Pierre Lasserre

French philosopher, essayist, and scholar

French art historian and critic

Pierre Rosenberg

French art historian, collector, and former director of the Louvre

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

French politician, philosopher and socialist

Ugandan linguist and scholar

Turkish admiral and cartographer

Pitirim Sorokin

Russian sociologist (1889-1968)

1st century AD Roman geographer

Porntip Rojanasunan

Thai forensic pathologist

US Supreme Court justice from 1958 to 1981

Unorthodox Scottish psychiatrist

Indian economist and former governor of Reserve Bank of India

Norwegian economist

Ralf Dahrendorf

German-British sociologist and politician (1929–2009)

American diplomat

American anthropologist

Danish linguist and philologist

American linguist and philosophy professor

American computer scientist, author and futurist (born 1948)

Raymond Cattell

British-American psychologist (1905–1998)

Raymond Williams

Welsh scholar, author, and Marxist literary critic

Canadian anthropologist

Reinhard Selten

German economist

French jurist (1887-1976)

Richard Bentley

English classical scholar, critic, and theologian (1662–1742)

Richard Borshay Lee

Canadian anthropologist

Richard Cantillon

Irish-French economist and banker

American linguist; Professor of Linguistics in the Linguistics Department at New York University

Kenyan paleoanthropologist, conservationist, and politician

English classical scholar

American federal judge and legal scholar (born 1939)

British economist, Nobel Memorial Prize winner

American economist

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist, and nobleman

Retired US Navy officer and a professor of oceanography known for maritime archaeology and archaeology of shipwrecks

35th Solicitor General of the United States

Robert C. Merton

American economist (1944-)

Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

Lawyer, politician and diplomat in the United Kingdom (1864-1958)

Robert Cialdini

American author and psychologist

Robert D. Putnam

American political scientist

American sociologist (1864–1944)

Robert Ettinger

American academic

Robert F. Engle

American economist

Robert J. Shiller

American Lithuanian economist (born 1946)

Robert Joseph Pothier

Robert K. Merton

American sociologist

American anthropologist

Robert Lucas Jr.

American economist

Robert M. Gagné

American psychologist (1916–2002)

Robert M. W. Dixon

Australian linguist and author

Canadian economist (1932–2021)

American psychologist and geneticist

American economist

Robert Sternberg

American psychologist & scholar

Robert W. Young

American linguist (1912-2007)

Italian art historian (1890-1970)

American academic (born 1956)

5th Chief Justice of the United States

English artist and art critic (1866-1934)

American mathematician

French philosopher and essayist

Roland Freisler

German lawyer and judge

American psychologist (1909–1994)

Russian-American linguist

British economist and Nobel laureate (1910–2013)

American legal scholar and educator (1870-1964)

American lawyer

Rufus Wilmot Griswold

American editor, literary critic, anthologist, and writer

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

US Supreme Court justice from 1993 to 2020

American anthropologist and folklorologist (1887–1948)

S. R. Ranganathan

Indian mathematician and librarian

American writer

Samuel Kleinschmidt

German/Danish missionary

Samuel P. Huntington

American political scientist

Sándor Kőrösi Csoma

Hungarian philologist and orientalist (1784-1842)

Sandra Day O'Connor

United States Supreme Court justice

American academic

Cherokee polymath and creator of the Cherokee syllabary

Sergei Diaghilev

Russian art critic and impresario

Sergei Starostin

Russian linguist and philologist

Brazilian ex-federal judge

Seymour Martin Lipset

American sociologist (1922–2006)

American anthropologist

Sherwood Washburn

American archaeologist, anthropologist, prehistorian and paleoanthropologist

Creator of the Pahawh Hmong (1929-1971)

Shulamith Firestone

Canadian-American radical feminist

American anthropologist

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis

Simon Baron-Cohen

British psychologist and author

American economist and statistician (1901-1984)

Belgian-Australian writer, sinologist and essayist

Polish-American psychologist

Stanley Cohen (sociologist)

British sociologist (1942–2013)

Stanley Milgram

American social psychologist

Stanley Schachter

American psychologist

American actress and acting teacher (1901–1992)

Canadian-American psycholinguist (born 1954)

Ancient Greek anthologist

Greek geographer, philosopher and historian

Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)

Jamaican-born British sociologist and cultural theorist

Chinese archeologist

Susan Blackmore

British writer and academic

Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator (1865-1952)

Syed Ahmad Khan

Indian Muslim educator, philosopher and politician (1817-1898)

T. Allston Brown

American theatre historian

Talcott Parsons

American sociologist (1902–1979)

English author and academic (born 1943)

Theodor Mommsen

German classical scholar and historian (1817–1903)

Theodor W. Adorno

German philosopher and sociologist, 1903–1969. Influential on the new left

Theodore Schultz

American economist

Théodore Simon

French intelligence researcher

Thomas Francis Wade

19th-century British linguist and diplomat

English philosopher (1588–1679)

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

American educator (1787–1851)

Thomas J. Sargent

American economist

British-American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary (1737–1809)

French economist

Thomas Robert Malthus

British political economist (1766–1834)

Thomas Schelling

American economist (1921-2016)

American economist (born 1930)

Hungarian-American psychiatrist, (1920–2012)

18th-century English literary historian, critic, and poet

Thorstein Veblen

American academic

Thurgood Marshall

United States Supreme Court justice

American psychologist, author, proponent of psychedelic therapy

Tjalling Koopmans

American mathematician

Tom Denning, Baron Denning

English lawyer and judge

Byzantine jurist (c. 485–542)

Trygve Haavelmo

Norwegian economist and econometrician

American economist

American psychologist

German sociologist & scholar

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

German classical philologist

V. Gordon Childe

Australian archaeologist

American academic

Founder of the first school for the blind

Vernon L. Smith

American economist

Viktor Shklovsky

Soviet Jewish writer

Vilfredo Pareto

Italian sociologist and economist

Vincent Bugliosi

American lawyer and true crime writer

Virginia E. Johnson

American sexologist and writer

Russian lexicographer

Russian folklorist, philologist and linguist

Serbian philologist and linguist (1787–1864)

W. Arthur Lewis

Saint Lucian economist and Nobel laureate (1915–1991)

W. E. B. Du Bois

American sociologist and activist (1868–1963)

Walter Baldwin Spencer

English-Australian biologist and anthropologist.

Walter Benjamin

German cultural critic, philosopher and social critic (1892–1940)

German classical philologist and religious scholar (1931–2015)

American economist

American chemist

Austrian-born Jewish American psychologist

Walter William Skeat

19th/20th-century British philologist

German economist, Nazi politician and convicted war criminal (1890–1960)

Warren E. Burger

15th Chief Justice of the United States

Wassily Leontief

Russian economist (1906-1999)

German economist, sociologist, and historian

Wesley Clair Mitchell

American statistician

Founder of vexillology, the study of flags

Wilhelm von Humboldt

German (Prussian) philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin (1767–1835)

German founder of psychology (1832–1920)

William A. Smalley

American linguist

William Bernbach

American businessman

William Beveridge

British Liberal politician, economist, and social reformer

William Blackstone

Eighteenth-century English jurist, judge, and politician

William Dalrymple

Scottish historian and writer

William F. Sharpe

American economist

English philosopher and novelist

William Graham Sumner

American sociologist (1840-1910)

William Hazlitt

19th-century English essayist and critic

William Holmes McGuffey

Early influential American educator

William Huntington Russell

American businessman

William J. Brennan Jr.

U.S. Supreme Court justice from 1956 to 1990

William Jones (philologist)

British philologist and scholar (1746–1794)

William Kunstler

American attorney and civil rights activist (1919–1995)

American linguist; father of sociolinguistics

William M. Bass

American forensic anthropologist

William Masters

American gynecologist

William Michael Rossetti

Pre-Raphaelite writer and critic

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

British barrister, politician and judge (1705–1793)

William Nordhaus

American economist

William O. Douglas

US Supreme Court justice from 1939 to 1975

English scientist, philosopher, statistician and economist (1623-1687)

William Rehnquist

16th Chief Justice of the United States

William Stoughton (judge)

Salem witch trial magistrate, Massachusetts colonial official

William Stukeley

English antiquarian (1687–1765)

William Vickrey

Canadian-American professor of economics and Nobel Laureate (1914-1996)

Wladimir Köppen

Russian–German meteorologist (1846–1940)

Chinese author of Shuowen Jiezi

Yaqut al-Hamawi

12th and 13th-century Arab bibliographer and geographer

Russian academic

Egyptian Egyptologist (born 1947)

Populariser of theoretical linguistics

Chinese archaeologist

Chinese linguist

Ottoman Turkish poet, writer (1876–1924)